▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A lithium-sulfur battery comprises a cathode, an anode structure positioned opposite to the cathode, separator positioned between the anode structure and the cathode, and an electrolyte dispersed throughout the cathode and in contact with the anode structure. The anode comprises an artificial solid-electrolyte interphase formed on and within the anode structure, a protective layer at least partially formed on and within the interphase. The protective layer comprises exposed carbon surfaces formed by a coalescence of wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets with one another, and one or more metal-containing substances decorated on or attached with one or more exposed carbon surfaces. The metal-containing substances is provided to adjust one or more of a plating rate of lithium on the anode structure or a de-plating rate of lithium from the anode structure by regulating a flow of lithium cations within the battery. USE - Lithium-sulfur battery. Uses include but are not limited to mobile phone, laptop, electric vehicle, lightbulb, consumer electronics, circuit, and device or system. ADVANTAGE - The lithium-sulfur battery has a protective layer having a cross-linking density that may swell no more than 10% by preventing absorption of solvents in the electrolyte. The protective layer may be devoid of pinholes. It has physical, chemical and/or mechanical properties, including having a modulus of elasticity between 3 gigapascals (GPa) and 100 GPa, a glass transition temperature above 60° C, such that it may be cured at less than 81° C. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic view of the protective layer of the battery. 3010,3020Polymeric chains 3014Carbon atoms 3016Surfactant 3018Conductors