▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A composition comprises graphene and organic moieties. USE - A composition for electrochemical half-cell used for fuel cell, and catalytic reactor (all claimed). Can also be used in electrolyzers, batteries and supercapacitors. ADVANTAGE - The composition is robust to acid and base and elevated temperatures, is less prone to bimolecular deactivation pathways commonly observed for homogeneous catalysts, and can be used in solvents with a range of polarities and dielectric strengths. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - A composition comprises graphene and organic moieties represented by formula (I). a, b=covalent bonds to graphene; A=fused ring, in which fused ring is mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety; n=0-4; X=optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted arylalkynyl, or optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, provided that when R, R-L, or L is present, X is selected from substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted arylalkenyl, substituted heteroarylalkenyl, substituted arylalkynyl, and substituted heteroarylalkynyl; R=halo, alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted arylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, OH, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluororalkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluororalkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluororalkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluororalkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfinyl, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluororalkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluororalkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluororalkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluororalkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, NH2, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, CN, NO2, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, or silyloxy; L=absent or ligand capable of binding metal atom or metal ion; M=absent or metal atom or metal ion; and m=0-6, provided that if n is 0, then A is not benzo, and if n is 1, then A(((X)m-R-L)M) is not beta -nitrobenzo. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) fuel cell comprising 1st electrochemical half-cell comprising composition, 2nd electrochemical half-cell, and electrolyte in contact with 1st electrochemical half-cell and 2nd electrochemical half-cell; and (2) manufacture of composition which involves combining graphene, 1-6 carbon alcohol, and compound of formula (II) to form reaction mixture, and heating reaction mixture at 60-120 degrees C to form composition.