▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Mediating an oxygen reduction reaction (12), comprises exposing a catalyst to oxygen (10), where the catalyst comprises a carbon source, and a dopant associated with the carbon source. USE - The method is useful for mediating an oxygen reduction reaction such as the conversion of oxygen to at least one of water, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and/or hydroxide (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method utilizes the catalyst which: is free of metals (claimed); is cost effective; is not affected after multiple cycles (e.g. up to 5000 continuous cycles); and exhibits high electrocatalytic activity, long-term durability and high selectivity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) the catalyst; and (2) making the catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions comprising assembling the carbon source into a three-dimensional structure, and doping the carbon source with the dopant. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a schematic view of mediating oxygen reduction reactions by utilizing the catalysts. Exposing a catalyst to oxygen (10) Oxygen reduction reaction (12) Conversion of oxygen to water (14) Conversion of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide (16) Conversion of oxygen to superoxide (18)