▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Method (M1) for combating biofouling or controlling microorganisms in an aqueous medium, involves providing surface coated with at least one laser-induced graphene (LIG) layer in an aqueous medium. USE - The method (M1) is useful for combating biofouling or controlling microorganisms in an aqueous medium (claimed). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) method (M2) for treating water involves passing water stream through a membrane module equipped with at least one spacer coated with at least one layer of LIG; (2) use of polymeric mesh suitable as a spacer in a membrane module in water treatment application, the mesh being at least partially coated with laser-induced graphene (LIG); and (3) water treatment device comprising membrane module and spacer arranged in module, the spacer comprises electrode material consisting of LIG.