▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - An actuator comprises nanometer-thick metal component, and an inactive material arranged along at least a portion of a surface of the metal component. The metal has surface stress (S1). The inactive material has a surface stress (S2) different than surface stress (S1). USE - Actuator e.g. electrochemical actuators, nano-scale actuator and micron scale actuator used for manufacturing nanorobots used in robotic device (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The actuator achieves compact actuators as well as robotic and other devices and systems at micron scales that can be electronically controlled using low power and low voltages. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) nanorobot; (2) manufacture of nanorobots; (3) robotic device; and (4) actuator joint. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a cross-sectional view of the bi-directional surface electrochemical actuator. Bi-directional surface electrochemical actuator (200) Layers (2021,2022,2023,2024) Panels (2031,2032,2033)